The Walters Art Museum Shines a Light On the Toxic History of Medieval Manuscripts

The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore has opened "If Books Could Kill," an exhibition exploring the toxic history of medieval manuscripts. The show reveals how pigments like white lead, red mercury, and arsenic were commonly used by scribes, artists, and bookbinders, exposing them to serious health risks. Co-curated by Dr. Lynley Anne Herbert and Dr. Annette S. Ortiz Miranda, the exhibition features 24 rarely displayed manuscripts from the museum's collection, including a Thai treatise on elephants with arsenic-based yellows and a 15th-century Armenian Gospel with vermillion pigments. It also includes a conservator-led video demonstrating how portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) is used to identify toxic materials.